高原文化研究

铁券制度自先秦萌芽，历经西汉、魏晋南北朝、隋、唐、宋、元的不断发展变迁，最终于明朝完善成为一项规范化的典章制度。有明一代，铁券制度始终依附于爵位制度而存在，故铁券除作用于功臣勋贵外，亦在少数民族首领身上发挥着作用，然目前学界鲜有学者关注少数民族首领获赐铁券的具体情况。明朝统治者问鼎中原后一直致力于招徕故元将领使之归附明廷，故从“凡制胡虏，当顺其性”的主张出发对故元将领推行恩惠怀柔的招抚政策，归附明廷的少数民族将领颇受明廷恩遇，除获物质赏赐外，往往还被授予世袭武职，其中一些上层将领凭征战立功还可跻身世爵行列并荣获“丹书铁券”，传诸后世。明朝获赐铁券，得封伯爵的少数民族首领以河湟李氏、河西吴氏、东蒙古领主金忠三者最为典型。明廷对其封爵赐券，礼遇有加，此既是对军功等身的少数民族首领的嘉赏，彰显褒德策勋之意，又使得少数民族首领在铁券制度的激励作用下积极行北征、招抚、平叛之举，建功立业，使铁券制度在政治领域彰显出垂范西北土司、招徕故元旧臣、转换蒙古世爵政治角色的作用。

From the beginning of the pre-Qin Dynasty, the iron certificate system developed continuously through the Western Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and finally became a standardized rule system in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the iron certificate system was always attached to the title system, so the iron certificate not only played a role in the meritorious officials,but also played a role in the minority leaders. However, at present, few scholars pay attention to the specific situation of the minority leaders awarded iron certificate.After the Ming rulers conquered the Central Plains,they had been trying to attract the former Yuan generals to submit to the Ming Dynasty, and from the idea of "to control the Hu, when the nature of the former Yuan generals", they carried out a policy of benevolence and conceding to the former Yuan generals. The minority generals who had surrendered to the Ming Court were quite favored by the Ming Court. Some of these top generals can also rank among the ranks of Spykesses and win "iron certificate" and pass them on to future generations. In the Ming Dynasty, the most typical minority leaders who received iron certificate were Li of Hehuang, Wu of Hexi and Jinzhong of Eastern Mongolia.The Ming Court gave iron coupons to the minority leaders, which was not only a reward to the minority leaders who had done a lot of military service, but also made the minority leaders actively carry out the northern expedition,appeasement and counterinsurgency under the incentive of the iron certificate system, and made great achievements. So that the iron certificate system in the political field shows the role of imitating the northwest tusi, attracting the old Yuan Dynasty ministers, and transforming the political role of the Mongolian Lord.